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The fundamental principle expressed by the war crimes tribunal at nuremberg following World War II is that national leaders are responsible for their wartime actions.
On October 18, 1945, twenty-two of Nazi Germany’s political, military, and economic leaders were brought to trial in Nuremberg for crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.
The Nuremberg trials established that all of humanity would be guarded by an international legal shield and that even a Head of State would be held criminally responsible and punished for aggression and Crimes Against Humanity.
The Nuremberg Code aimed to protect human subjects from enduring the kind of cruelty and exploitation the prisoners endured at concentration camps. The 10 elements of the code are: Voluntary consent is essential. The results of any experiment must be for the greater good of society.
Three of the defendants were acquitted: Hjalmar Schacht, Franz von Papen, and Hans Fritzsche. Four were sentenced to terms of imprisonment ranging from 10 to 20 years: Karl Dönitz, Baldur von Schirach, Albert Speer, and Konstantin von Neurath.
In the end, the international tribunal found all but three of the defendants guilty. Twelve were sentenced to death, one in absentia, and the rest were given prison sentences ranging from 10 years to life behind bars. Ten of the condemned were executed by hanging on October 16, 1946.
As a general principle, health ethics is not devolved to Scotland and therefore the Nuremberg Principles are not part of Scots Law. However, research conducted in NHS Scotland is regulated and governed through a UK wide system which observes those principles.
Greatest Germans
Leaders of Germany
Kaisers of the German Empire | |
---|---|
Paul von Hindenburg* | 1934 |
Adolf Hitler** | 1933–45 |
Chancellors of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) | |
Konrad Adenauer | 1949–63 |
Hermann Balck | |
---|---|
Years of service | 1913–45 |
Rank | General der Panzertruppe |
Battles/wars | World War I World War II Battle of France Battle of Greece Battle of Stalingrad Italian Campaign Lvov-Sandomierz Offensive Western Front Battle of Hungary |
Awards | Knight’s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds |
Franz Halder Halder
More than six decades after its end, though, Germany has reintroduced military honors: A politically correct, newly minted version of the Iron Cross – awarded to German soldiers since 1813, but withdrawn after the Second World War – was pinned on the chests of four senior non-commissioned officers yesterday.